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Bernard Bailyn has recentlyreinterpretedthe early historyof the United States
by applyingnew socialresearchfindingson theexperiencesofEuropean
migrants.Inhisreinterpretation,migrationbecomes the organizingprinciplefor
rewritingthe historyofpreindustrial North America. His approach rests on four
separate propositions.The firstof these asserts that residentsof early modern
England moved regularlyabouttheir countryside; migrating to the New World was
simply a natural spillover. Although atfirstthe colonies held
littlepositiveattractionfor the English D they would rather havestayed home D by
the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America becausethey
regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to
thenotion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a
typical NewWorld community.For example, the economic and demographiccharacterof
early New Englandtowns varied considerably.Bailyn's third proposition suggest
two general patterns prevailing among the manythousands of migrants:one group
came as indenturedservants,another came to acquire land.Surprisingly,Bailyn
suggests that those who recruitedindentured servants were the drivingforces of
transatlanticmigration.These colonialentrepreneurshelped determine the
socialcharacterof people who came to preindustrialNorth America.At
first,thousands ofunskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's, however,
American employers demandedskilled artisans.Finally, Bailyn argues that the
colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of theEuropean culture system. He is
undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were partof an Anglo-American
empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonialperiphery, as
Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, asBailyn
claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But
whatof seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective
laws, built adistinguished university, and published books Bailyn might respond
that New England wasexceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed
by New England Puritans hadpowerful effects on North American culture.Although
Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indenturedservantswho
migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with
thepolitical development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work
suggests howwe might make such a connection. These indentured servants were
treated as slaves for theperiod during which they had sold their time to
American employers. It is not surprisingthat as soon as they served their time
they passed up good wages in the cities and headedwest to ensure theirpersonal
independence by acquiringland. Thus, it is in the west thata peculiarly American
political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious ofauthority and
intensely anti-aristocratic.
1.Which of the followingstatements about migrants to colonialNorth America is
supportedby information in the text
[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as
indenturedservants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more
successful atmaking a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
[C] Migrants to colonialNorth America were more successfulat acquiringtheir
own landduring the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.
[D] By the 1730's,migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by
Americanemployers than were unskilled laborers.
2.The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to
[A] Give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of
thecolonies and England.
[B] Describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved
theirculture in the United States.
[C] Take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who
migrated tocolonial North America specifically to acquire land.
[D] Relate the experience of the migrants to the politicalvalues that
eventuallyshapedthe character of the United States.
3.Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of Bailyn's
fourthproposition
[A] It is totally implausible.
[B] It is partially acceptable.
[C] It is highly admirable.
[D] It is controversial though persuasive.
4.According to the text,Bailyn and the author agree on which of the
followingstatementsabout the culture of colonial New England
[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of
England.
[B] The culturalachievements of colonialNew England have generallybeen
unrecognizedby historians.
[C] The colonistsimitatedthe high cultureof England ， and did not develop a
culturethat was uniquely their own.
[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New
England.
5.The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the
followingstatements about Bailyn's work
[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American
culture.
[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great
Britain.
[C] Bailyn'sdescriptionof thecoloniesas part of an Anglo-American empireis
misleading and incorrect.
[D] Bailyn failedto test his propositionson a specificgroup of migrants to
colonialNorth America.
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Roger Rosenblatt ’s book Black Fiction,in attemptingto apply
literaryratherthansociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters
the approach taken by mostprevious studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of
Black writing has often served as apretextfor expounding on Black
history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judgesthe value of Black
fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according tothe notions
of Black identity which it propounds.Although fictionassuredly springs from
politicalcircumstances ，its authors react tothose circumstances in ways other
than ideological, and talking about novels and storiesprimarilyas instrumentsof
ideologycircumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt ’s
literaryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesand connections among works of Blackfiction
which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable
criticism ofBlack fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a
number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the
facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authorsSecond,
how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which
it islargely contemporaneous Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a
distinct bodyof writingthat has an identifiable， coherent
literarytradition.Looking at novels writtenby Black over the last eighty years,
he discovers recurringconcerns and designs independentof chronology. These
structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from thecentralfact
that the Black charactersin these novels exist in a predominantlywhite
culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black
Fictiondoes leave some aestheticquestions open. Rosenblatt ’s thematic
analysispermits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is
not his intentionto judge the merit of the various works D yet his reluctance
seems misplaced, especiallysince an attempt to appraise might have led to
interesting results. For instance, some ofthe novels appear to be
structurallydiffuse.Is this a defect,or are the authors workingout of, or trying
to forge, a different kind of aesthetic In addition, the style of someBlack
novels, like JeanToomey’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does
thistechnique provide a counterpointto the prevalenttheme that portrays the fate
against whichBlack heroes are pitted,a theme usuallyconveyed by more
naturalisticmodes of expressionIn spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does
include in his discussion makes foran astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction
surveys a wide variety of novels, bringingto our attention in the process some
fascinating and little-known works like James WeldonJohnson’s Autobiography of
an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, andits forthright, lucid
style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.
1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with __________.
[A] Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B] Comparing various
critical approaches to a subject.
[C] Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.
[D] Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.
2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been
improved hadRosenblatt __________.
[A] Evaluated more carefully the ideological andhistoricalaspects of Black
fiction.
[B] Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by
Blackauthors.
[C] Explorein greaterdetailthe recurrentthematicconcerns of Black
fictionthroughout its history.
[D] Assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes
thematically.
3.author ’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as
__________.
[A] Pedantic and contentious.
[B] Critical but admiring.
[C] Ironic and deprecating.
[D] Argumentative but unfocused.author of the text employs all of the
following in the discussion ofRosenblatt ’s
4.book EXCEPT： __________.
[A] Rhetorical questions.
[B] Specific examples.
[C] Comparison and contrast.
[D] Definition of terms.
5. The author of the text refers to James WeldonJohnson’s Autobiography of
anEx-Colored Man most probably in order to __________.
[A] point out affinitiesbetween Rosenblatt ’s method of thematic analysis and
earliercriticism.
[B] Clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the
passage.
[C] Qualify the assessment ofRosenblatt ’s book made in the first paragraph
of thepassage.
[D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments ofRosenblatt ’s
work.
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The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the
classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem,
formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and
only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day
tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed
intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal
with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise ; and to integrate action
into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have
recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general,
however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as
the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals
that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use
intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a
problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned
behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is
based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build
skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bitsm of data
and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth,
some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis.
Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and
tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are
occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to
their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition
to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution.
Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in
which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the
intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from
acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and
explain it, they frequently act first and explain later.Analysis is inextricably
tiedto actionin thinking/actingcycles,in which managers develop thoughtsabout
theircompanies and organizations not by analyzing aproblematic situation and
then acting, butby acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great
uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, seniormanagers
often instigatea course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They
thenuse the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of
the issue. Oneimplicationof thinking/actingcycles is that action is often part
of definingthe problem,not just of implementing the solution.
1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the
following ways EXCEPT to
[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.
[B] Identify a problem.
[C] Bring together disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.
2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management
mentionedin line 1, paragraph 2
[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational
model ofdecision analysis.
[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficientlylarge sample of
actual managers.
[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather
than onwhat managers do.
[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business
decisions.
3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most
probablybe one major differencein behavior between Manager X, who uses
intuitionto reach decisions,and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision
analysis
[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
[B] Manager X checks possiblesolutions toa problem by systematicanalysis ;
ManagerY does not.
[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem;
ManagerY does not.
[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creatinga solutionto a
problem ;Manager X does not.
4. The text provides support for which of the following statements
[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on
formaldecision analysis.
[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical
skills.
[D] Intuitionenables managers to employ theirpracticalexperience more
efficiently.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first
paragraph of the text
[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.
[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
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In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to
cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that
when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear
collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically
unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious
documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not
learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer
horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to
light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and
wonder what hit us. The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie
are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted
and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently
outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent
acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums
and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and
employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our
strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its
wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the
ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from
constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine
and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the
framework of the law. Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful
co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other's problems. And to
do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in
exchanging information. "Talk, talk, talk," the advocates of violence say, "all
you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser." It's rather like the story of
the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After
listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk,
he was none the wiser. "Possible, my lord," the barrister replied, "none the
wiser, but surely far better informed." Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite
to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to
solve.
1. What is the best title for this passage?
[A] Advocating Violence.
[B] Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.
[C] Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.
[D] The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.
2. Recorded history has taught us
[A] violence never solves anything. [B] nothing. [C] the bloodshed means
nothing. [D]everything.
3. It can be inferred that truly reasonable men
[A] can't get a hearing.
[B] are looked down upon.
[C] are persecuted.
[D] Have difficulty in
advocating law enforcement.
4. "He was none the wiser" means
[A] he was not at all wise in listening.
[B] He was not at all wiser than nothing before.
[C] He gains nothing after listening.
[D] He makes no sense of the argument.
5. According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is
[A] law enforcement. [B] knowledge. [C] nonviolence. [D] Mopping up the
violent mess.
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