In the past, operations were difficult. Until the middle of the eighteen fifties, surgery was very dangerous. Many patients died after even the smallest operations. This was because bacteria entered the cuts in the patients bodied’and started infection. In some countries, up to 90 percent of patients died from inf ection after operations. In 1865, however, Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, found an answer to the problem. He used an “antiseptic during” and after operations. This killed the dangerous bacteria and most of his patients lived. Since then, surgeons have used antiseptics in all operations.Surgery has developed in many important ways since the day of Joseph Lister. Today, when patients go to hospital for an operation, they can expect thebest treatment, in clean and hygienic conditions.

33. Operations were difficult and dangerous until_______.

A.1850

B. the middle of 1850

C. the middle of the fifties of the eighteenth century

D. the middle of the fifties of the nineteenth century

34. In the passage, surgery means__________.

A. The performing of an operation

B. cure

C. treatment

D. medicine

35. In the past, up to 90 percent of patients died after operations mainly b

ecause__________.

A. bacteria entered the cuts in the patients bodies’and infection took place

B. the conditions in hospitals were bad

C. the skill of surgeons was not so good

D. there were no good medicine at that time

36. Which topic of the following best suits the passage?

A. Operations were difficult in the past

B. The devotion of Joseph Lister to medical science

C. Surgery has become safer

D. Developments in surgery

37. Joseph Lister was________.

A. a Frenchman

B. a German

C. an Englishman

D. an Americ